プロフェッショナルになるまでに、様々な発達段階があります。自分の周囲と自分を見比べることに加えて、様々な記述から自分の発達段階を確認してみるのもいいですね。以下にその例を示します。あなたのマスターレベルはどれほどでしょうか?(http://radiology.rsna.org/content/252/2/324.fullより抜粋、日本語は僕があてました。)
1. 【Novices】:初心者(チェックリストに従って実施)
Novices are beginners who lack any previous experience with a task. The novice learns basic rules for necessary actions but lacks the understanding to deviate from prescribed performance. Therefore, novices can perform an action only by applying rules they have learned to use in a specific context. For example, a novice medical student can perform a complete physical examination only by referring to a checklist.
2. 【Advanced beginners】:脱初心者(多少違いが分かってくるが、チェックリストから離れられない)
Advanced beginners have developed the ability to distinguish between more and less characteristic features of a situation, although they still tend to rely on checklists. For example, medical students performing a gait examination may recognize that an important neurologic abnormality exists but may fail to understand the relevance of the abnormality to formulating a diagnosis.
3. 【competent】:独り立ち(監視下で標準的な実践ができる)
When learners achieve competence, they can think conceptually and develop strategic approaches in terms of long-term goals. Yet, in many situations, their approaches remain highly standardized and rule based. Competent medical students can glean important diagnostic information by performing a physical examination under supervision, but their assessments may be incorrect because they confuse similar features or misinterpret findings.
4. 【Proficient learner】:応用可能レベル(非典型的事例にも対応できる)
Proficient learners can distinguish between typical and atypical features of a case and tailor their approach to the particular features at hand. Medical students who have attained proficiency regard the physical examination as a diagnostic tool that can be structured to recognize and solve problems and can use it effectively to test diagnostic hypotheses.
5. 【Expert】:専門家(規定手順やガイドラインなくても実践できる)
Expert learners do not use rules and guidelines. Their problem solving is based on an intuitive grasp of relevant features and a conceptual understanding of underlying principles. Because expertise is the result of long and varied experience and a rich foundation of knowledge, it is unlikely to develop at the student or resident levels, although how students and residents are educated can strongly affect the likelihood of its eventual attainment.
6. 【master】:熟達者(自己を批判しつつ、新たな考え方を探る)
In contrast to experts, masters have developed recognizable personal styles of practice, like the style of a great artist or composer. They welcome novelty as an opportunity to reexamine their assumptions and explore new ways of thinking. At a physical examination, a master would exhibit a discernible style and actively seek out new and unexpected findings that might illuminate a new approach to the diagnostic problem.
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